int add(int x, int y)mulDiv.c :
{
return x + y;
}
int sub(int x, int y)
{
return x - y;
}
int mul(int x, int y)main.c :
{
return x * y;
}
int div(int x, int y)
{
return x / y;
}
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
printf("%d ", add(10, 15));
printf("%d ", sub(50, 15));
printf("%d ", add(10, 3));
printf("%d ", add(100, 4));
return 0;
}
gcc -c addSub.c mulDiv.c -Wall2. Create static library( liboperation.a ) for compiled files
ar -cvq libopeartion.a addSub.o mulDiv.o3. We can list the available files from library file using following
ar -t libopeartion.a4. Compile the main program with linking the library
gcc -o output main.c libopeartion.a5. Run the created output executable file
./output
$ mkdir test_library
$ cd test_library
// BEGIN
public class MyLib : Object {
public string hello() {
return "Hello World from MyLib";
}
public int sum(int x, int y) {
return x + y;
}
}
// END
-C --ccode Output C code instead of compiled
-H --header=file Output C header file
--library=name Assign name to library
--vapi Assign name to vapi file
-b --basedir=dir Use dir as the base source dir (For me, this is unnecessary)
$ valac -C -H libtest.h --library libtest libtest.vala --basedir ./
-shared Create a .so shared object
-fPIC Position Independent Code (PIC) suitable for use in a shared library
$(pkg-config --cflags gobject-2.0)
Output: -I/usr/include/glib-2.0
-I/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/glib-2.0/include
-o filename Output filename
$ gcc -shared -fPIC -o libtest.so $(pkg-config --cflags --libs gobject-2.0) libtest.c
// BEGIN
void main() {
var test = new MyLib();
// MyLib hello()
stdout.printf("%s ", test.hello());
// MyLib sum()
int x = 4, y = 5;
stdout.printf("The sum of %d and %d is %d ", x, y, test.sum(x, y));
}
// END
-X -ltest to add libtest.so)- The vala link to a .vapi file (in this example, test.vapi)
- The gcc link to a C library (in this example, -X -ltest to add libtest.so)
-X --Xcc=-I. Pass the -I. (include current directory) to gcc.
GCC will look for shared libraries in the current directory first
-X --Xcc=-L. Pass the -L. (add current directory to search path) to gcc.
-X --Xcc=-ltest Link library "libtest" which we just created in the current directory.
If we had the libtest.so in the local directory, we could use:
$ valac -X -I. -X -L. -X -ltest -o hello hello.vala libtest.vapi
$ LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$PWD ./hello
Hello World from MyLib
The sum of 4 and 5 is 9
$ sudo cp libtest.so /usr/lib/
$ ./hello
Hello World from MyLib
The sum of 4 and 5 is 9
// BEGIN
// Source: https://live.gnome.org/Vala/DBusServerSample#Server
[DBus (name = "org.example.Demo")] // dbus interface name
public class DemoServer : Object {
/* Functions that access the library on the Demo interface
* Note the LACK of in the return strings.
* Vala automatically mangles my_function_name into the
* standard Dbus camelcase MyFunctionName
* So a function is "hello()" here, but "Hello" on Dbus
*/
public string sum () {
var test = new MyLib();
int x = 4, y = 5;
return "The sum of %d and %d is %d".printf( x, y, test.sum(x, y));
// Note the LACK of in the return strings
}
public string hello () {
var test = new MyLib();
return "%s".printf( test.hello());
}
}
[DBus (name = "org.example.DemoError")]
public errordomain DemoError { SOME_ERROR }
/* Dbus functions */
void on_bus_aquired (DBusConnection conn) {
try {
string path = "/org/example/demo";
conn.register_object (path, new DemoServer ());
} catch (IOError e) {
stderr.printf ("Could not register service "); }
}
void main () {
GLib.MainLoop loop = new GLib.MainLoop ();
GLib.TimeoutSource time = new TimeoutSource(3000); // 3 sec
GLib.BusType bus = BusType.SESSION;
string destination = "org.example.demo";
GLib.BusNameOwnerFlags flags = BusNameOwnerFlags.NONE;
Bus.own_name ( bus, destination, flags,
on_bus_aquired,
() => {},
() => stderr.printf ("Could not aquire name "));
// Use timeout to quit the loop and exit the program
time.set_callback( () => { loop.quit(); return false; });
time.attach( loop.get_context() ); // Attach timeout to loop
loop.run (); // Listen for dbus connections
}
// END
Dbus requires the gio package (--pkg gio-2.0)
-X --Xcc=-I. Pass the -I. (include current directory) to gcc.
GCC will look for shared libraries in the current directory first
-X --Xcc=-L. Pass the -L. (add current directory to search path) to gcc.
-X --Xcc=-ltest Link library "libtest" which we just created in the current directory.
Since the library is installed, we can ignore those local directory flags:
$ valac --pkg gio-2.0 -X -ltest dbus_server.vala libtest.vapi
// BEGIN
[D-BUS Service]
Name=org.example.demo
Exec=/home/me/vala/library/dbus_server
// END
$ sudo cp dbus.service /usr/share/dbus-1/services/org.example.demo.service
$ dbus-send --session --type=method_call --print-reply
--dest="org.example.demo" /org/example/demo org.example.Demo.Hello
method return sender=:1.3173 -> dest=:1.3172 reply_serial=2
string "Hello World from MyLib"
$ dbus-send --session --type=method_call --print-reply
--dest="org.example.demo" /org/example/demo org.example.Demo.Sum
method return sender=:1.3175 -> dest=:1.3174 reply_serial=2
string "The sum of 4 and 5 is 9"
$ sudo rm /usr/share/dbus-1/services/org.example.demo.service
$ sudo rm /usr/lib/libtest.so
pygmentize test.php | nlccat() { pygmentize $1 | nl }function ccat() {
pygmentize $1 | nl
}ccat test.php
sudo apt-get install libav-sudo apt-get install ffmpeg libavcodec-extra-52
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ffmpeg libavcodec-extra-53ffmpeg -v 5 -y -i inputfile.mp4 -acodec libmp3lame -ac 2 -ab 192k outputfile.mp3cd Videos
ffmpeg -v 5 -y -i writelikethewind.mp4 -acodec libmp3lame -ac 2 -ab 192k writelikethewind.mp3
The command wc prints several file statistics: bytes, lines, words, etc. Using the -m option we can count the number of characters in a text file.
Open a terminal window and run:
wc -m FILE
We can count the number of characters from Vim editor using this ex command:
:!wc -m %
TOKENS="a b c" LIST="(" for token in $TOKENS ; do LIST="${LIST},${token}" done LIST="${LIST})" echo $LIST (,a,b,c) So how does one get rid of the extra empty element at the beginning of the list?TOKENS="a b c" LIST="(" for token in $TOKENS ; do if [ "x$LIST" = "x(" ] ; then LIST="${LIST}${token}" else LIST="${LIST},${token}" fi done LIST="${LIST})" echo $LIST (a,b,c) In my search for a shorter one line solution I found the following approach using shell paremeter substitution.TOKENS="a b c" LIST="" for token in $TOKENS ; do LIST="${LIST:-(}${LIST:+,}${token}" done LIST="${LIST})" echo $LIST (a,b,c) This is admittedly not easy to understand on the first glance unless you are very familiar with the parameter substitution. :- and :+ .${LIST:-(} will put out either the current value of LIST (if it exists and is not empty) or a ( .( is put out.${LIST:+,} will put out either a comma (if LIST exists and is set) or nothing at all.token is appended at the end.A="sam smith" B="jane jones" C="gabe miller" LIST="" for token in "$A" "$B" "$C" ; do LIST="${LIST:-(}${LIST:+,}${token}" done LIST="${LIST})" echo $LIST (sam smith,jane jones,gabe miller)
ln -s target sourcewhere,
ln -s /home/nargren/Pictures /home/nargren/Pictures_Backup
[USER]AppDataRoamingThunderbird
This allowed me to download my emails only once and have them available on both Windows and Linux while keeping my entire profile.home/.thunderbird
COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE. It was included as a TSR program with MS-DOS and PC DOS versions 5 and later, Windows 9x and Windows XP or later.HISTORY CONFIG.SYS directive. This enabled a user-configurable console input history buffer and recall as well as pattern search functionality on console driver level, that is, fully integrated into the operating system and transparent to running applications. In summer 1991 DOSKEY was introduced in MS-DOS/PC DOS 5.0 in order to provide some of the same functionality. DOSKEY also added a macro expansion facility, which, however, required special support to be implemented in applications like command line processors before they can take advantage of it. Starting with Novell DOS 7 in 1993 the macro capabilities were provided by an external DOSKEY command as well. In order to also emulate DOSKEYs history buffer functionality under DR-DOS, the DR-DOS DOSKEY works as a frontend to the resident history buffer functionality, which remained part of the kernel in DR-DOS.
"Source material for this video was an image sequence shot with a Nikon D90. The clouds were moving so quickly that even with shorter intervals (9 seconds; For a different timelapse I used 20 s which was still enough for the clouds there) the video was playing too fast."
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:brousselle/slowmovideo
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install slowmovideo
Specifications
Ubuntus Upstart is an init daemon replacement, quite analagous to OS Xs launchd. Launchd also replaced cron on OS X - and upstart plans to replace cron on Ubuntu. No telling when, but all my cron jobs will need to be reformatted.
Update: Sept 2011. Three years later and still waiting...